Turquoise has been used for thousands of years across multiple civilizations as a symbol of protection, healing, and power. From its presence in ancient Egyptian tombs to its sacred role in Native American ceremonies, turquoise carries a rich cultural legacy that fascinates jewelry enthusiasts and anthropologists alike. In this article, we will explore the spiritual meaning and purpose of turquoise across time and space and cover different turquoise types and varieties.
What Is Turquoise?
Before we dive into the cultural context and history of turquoise, let’s first establish what turquoise is and what distinguishes it from other gemstones.
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum. Turquoise is formed by copper-infused water running through rocks that contain aluminum, often in arid regions. It can take on a great variety of colors due to its chemical composition, ranging from robin's egg blue to deep green.
The more copper a turquoise stone contains, the more blue it will be, whereas the more iron a stone contains, the more green it will be. Most turquoise stones are mottled with dark-colored veins called a matrix. The matrix can indicate the origin of the stone and makes each piece beautiful and unique.
Understanding the History and Cultural Significance of Turquoise
Turquoise has appeared in multiple traditions across the globe, influencing the artistic and spiritual legacies left by many ancient cultures. The meaning of turquoise stone differs from one culture to the next, but nearly all view it as sacred.
Native American Turquoise
Turquoise holds a special place in Native American culture and is especially important to the Navajo, Zuni, and Pueblo peoples. Within these communities, turquoise symbolizes protection and good fortune. It was often used in ceremonial jewelry and weapons. Many tribes believe that the stone is alive because of its ability to change color based on its environment.
Some Native American communities also believe that blue turquoise represents the sky and that green turquoise symbolizes the earth. Nowadays, Indigenous communities are using turquoise to generate income through jewelry making. Native American jewelry makers are renowned for their exquisite craftsmanship, and their pieces are highly sought after.
Egyptian Turquoise
Ancient Egyptians started mining turquoise thousands of years ago in the Sinai Peninsula. It was worn by royalty in the form of necklaces, bracelets, and rings. The stone was also used in tombs, amulets, figurines, and, most famously, in Pharaoh Tutankhamun's coffin.
Ancient Egyptians associated the blue-green color of turquoise with fertility and vegetation. “Mefkat,” the ancient Egyptian word for turquoise, can be translated as “joy” or “delight.”
Chinese Turquoise
Turquoise in China dates back to the Shang Dynasty (1600 to 1046 B.C.E.). In ancient times, Chinese turquoise was masterfully carved into decorative items and inlaid on a range of objects, including daggers, plaques, and wine vessels. Some believed turquoise to be fossilized pine trees, the pine tree being a symbol of virtue, longevity, and solitude.
Chinese turquoise was and still is thought to have medicinal properties capable of soothing a sore throat and allergies. It was also used for good marksmanship by hunters, as well as for protection and good fortune.
Persian Turquoise
Persian turquoise is sought after for its sky blue color and unique patterns. The Nishapur region of Iran has been producing turquoise for thousands of years. Because of its sky blue color, Persian turquoise was often inlaid in the domes of mosques and palaces to reflect the heavens.
Persians refer to turquoise as firoozeh, which translates to “victory.” Within Islam, Persian men are advised to wear turquoise to strengthen their hearts and improve their eyesight. It is also said that those who wear turquoise will not know insecurity.
Tibetan Turquoise
In Tibet, turquoise holds a special place in religious ceremonies and is used to make prayer beads and boxes. Tibetans also use turquoise in offerings and to represent the jewelry worn by the gods. The turquoise mined in Tibet is normally blue-green in color, as opposed to the sky blue seen in Persian turquoise. Almost every Tibetan owns turquoise jewelry, which is associated with protection and status in Tibetan culture.
Exploring the Spiritual and Symbolic Nature of Turquoise
Turquoise holds spiritual value across various cultures. It is believed to offer protection from a number of misfortunes; some people even claim that it can ward off the “evil eye.” Turquoise is also associated with the throat chakra and the heart chakra. New Age believers wear it around their necks to aid in truthful expression and opening of the heart.
As the birthstone of December, turquoise can be worn by those with the Sagittarius zodiac sign for good luck. For Sagittarians, turquoise may symbolize wisdom, spiritual grounding, and protection, encouraging the pursuit of truth and clarity.
Types of Turquoise Stones
There are various types of turquoise stones, which differ in color, provenance, and composition. Learning how to tell them apart can help you choose the right stone when it comes time to make a purchase.
Natural Turquoise
Natural turquoise is not treated in any way. It is generally the most expensive type of turquoise. Natural turquoise is porous and requires extra care to maintain its original condition. It is highly sought after by collectors due to its raw form.
Enhanced Turquoise
Enhanced turquoise has a more concentrated color and is harder than natural turquoise. It is treated through a special electrochemical process that makes it darker and more durable. Enhanced turquoise also has a lower porosity than natural turquoise.
Stabilized Turquoise
Stabilized turquoise is treated with clear resin or wax to render the stone more durable and enhance its color. It is important to note that stabilized turquoise is still considered “real” turquoise. This type of turquoise is commonly used in jewelry and is excellent for daily wear because it resists discoloration, scratches, and moisture.
Reconstituted Turquoise
Reconstituted turquoise is made by grinding small turquoise fragments into powder and binding them with resin and plastic. The result of this process is a material that resembles turquoise but is less valuable. If you are shopping for jewelry on a tight budget, reconstituted turquoise is a decent option. Although it does not have the same finish as natural turquoise, it can be dyed with a matrix pattern to look more authentic.
Imitation Turquoise
Imitation turquoise is technically not turquoise. It is made with completely different materials, such as howlite, magnesite, or plastic, that are dyed to mimic real turquoise. Although cost-effective, imitation turquoise tends to have a cheaper finish and may chip more easily than real turquoise. To avoid being duped, it is always a good idea to opt for a reputable seller when purchasing turquoise.
Famous North American Turquoise Varieties
Certain varieties of American turquoise are world-renowned for their quality and appearance. Here are some varieties that stand out:
- Sleeping Beauty Turquoise: This turquoise is mined in Globe, Arizona, and is known for its pure, robin’s egg blue color without any visible matrix. Its unblemished appearance is perfect for fine inlay projects and contemporary styles.
- Kingman Turquoise: Kingman turquoise comes from the Kingman mine in Arizona. It varies in color, ranging from electric blue to moody green, with bold black and brown matrices. It is versatile and used in traditional and modern Native American jewelry.
- Carico Lake Turquoise: This highly collectible turquoise is mined in Nevada. Carico Lake turquoise is known for its vibrant, lime green hues and contrasting matrices. The unusual coloring of this variety can be attributed to the high levels of zinc found in the stone.
- Dry Creek Turquoise: Dry Creek turquoise is also found in Nevada. It features a uniquely pale, chalky blue color and dark matrices. Its light tone sets it apart from other turquoise varieties, which tend to be darker in color.
- Ithaca Peak Turquoise: Mined in Mohave County, Arizona, this variety is recognized for its vibrant blue color mixed with silver-colored pyrite inclusions. Its metallic sparkle and durability make it a striking choice for bold jewelry pieces.
- King's Manassa Turquoise: Originating in Colorado, this turquoise variety showcases a green to blue-green hue with golden-brown matrices. It was first discovered by Native Americans and mined by Indigenous communities for centuries.
- Number Eight Turquoise: Mined in Nevada, this turquoise is valued for its varied blue colors and intricate golden brown and black matrices. The Number Eight mine is no longer used for turquoise excavation. As such, a limited number of Number Eight turquoise stones are on the market today and are highly sought after.
- Red Mountain Turquoise: This celebrated variety from Nevada boasts a deep blue tone with complex spiderweb matrices. It is excellent for statement jewelry pieces.
- Royston Turquoise: Royston turquoise stones feature a stunning blend of forest green and soft blue hues with golden brown veining. Found in Nevada, its earthy color palette makes it especially popular among Native American artisans.
- Sonoran Gold Turquoise: Mined in Mexico, Sonoran Gold turquoise stands out with its pea green and sky blue patches. Its color contrast and polishability have earned it some popularity in recent years.
- Turquoise Mountain Turquoise: From the same region as Kingman turquoise, this variety tends to have a uniform blue-green tone with tan or dark matrices.
- Morenci Turquoise: Mined in Arizona, Morenci turquoise is known for its bright, clear blue color, shimmering pyrite flecks, and web-like patterns. Its metallic inclusions give it a distinctive glitter that reflects light beautifully.
- Bisbee Turquoise: One of the most well-known varieties of turquoise in the United States, Bisbee turquoise often comes in deep blue colors and is accented with complex matrices. The Bisbee mine is no longer producing stones, and as a result, Bisbee turquoise has become increasingly rare and collectible.
- Apache Blue Turquoise: Apache Blue turquoise is from Nevada. It has a vibrant blue color and a distinctive black matrix, which make it perfect for inlay work.
- Blue Diamond Turquoise: This variety from Nevada is deep blue and extremely durable, with dense black lines running through it.
What to Look for When Buying Turquoise?
Whether you’re interested in turquoise for its symbolic meaning or its aesthetic appeal, it’s important to determine whether or not the stone you’re looking at is authentic. Start by verifying the origin of the stone and asking the seller whether it is natural, stabilized, or reconstituted. Reputable sellers will be honest when disclosing the treatments the stone has undergone. Keep in mind that genuine turquoise comes at a higher price point. If the price seems too good to be true, it probably is.
Shop Natural Turquoise Jewelry at SilverTQ
Turquoise is a striking gemstone with a rich history and strong ties to spirituality across various cultures. Even today, it continues to captivate jewelry makers and collectors alike with its myriad hues and patterns. At SilverTQ, we offer a curated collection of natural turquoise jewelry handmade by Native American artisans. Each of our pieces is one-of-a-kind and made to last. Whether you’re a jewelry enthusiast or just looking for an everyday piece to elevate your style, our collection has something for everyone. Take a look through our website and find your next go-to piece!
Frequently Asked Questions
Is turquoise a birthstone?
Yes, turquoise is the traditional birthstone of December. It signifies good luck, success, and protection.
Can turquoise lose its color over time?
Natural turquoise may darken when it comes into contact with oils, sunlight, or chemicals. Stabilized turquoise retains color better.
Is turquoise a good-luck stone?
Yes, turquoise is considered a good-luck stone in many cultures.
Can I wear turquoise in the shower or while swimming?
It is best not to expose turquoise to treated water. Soaps and chemicals like chlorine can damage or change the color of the stone.
